Background: Little information is available on the comparative effectiveness of osteoporosis pharmacotherapies.

Objective: To compare the relative effectiveness of osteoporosis treatments to reduce nonvertebral fracture risk among older adults.

Patients: 43135 new recipients of oral bisphosphonates, nasal calcitonin, and raloxifene who began treatment from 2000 to 2005. The mean age was 79 years (SD, 6.9), and 96% were women.

Background: Catheter-related infections cause morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Purpose: To examine whether topical or intraluminal antibiotics reduce catheter-related bloodstream infection compared with no antibiotic therapy in adults undergoing hemodialysis.

Data Sources: Electronic databases, trial registries, bibliographies, and conference proceedings up to October 2007, with no language restrictions.

We investigated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients whether a single dose of sildenafil can attenuate the exercise-induced increase in pulmonary artery pressure, thereby allowing augmentation of stroke volume (SV), and improving maximal exercise capacity.

Clopidogrel pretreatment before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been shown to reduce the risk of death and ischemic complications after PCI. However, the need for clopidogrel pretreatment is debated in patients receiving a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI).

Objective To test the efficacy of nortriptyline plus nicotine replacement therapy compared with placebo plus nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation.

Participants 901 people trying to stop smoking.

The clinical effects of metoclopramide oral solution and tablets in patients with dysmotility-like dyspepsia ,DLD were compared.

Background: Standard proton-pump inhibitor–based therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection fails in up to one quarter of patients. Sequential therapy may be more efficacious.

Purpose: To compare sequential therapy with standard triple therapy for H. pylori infection.

Study Selection: Randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) comparing sequential and standard triple therapies in treatment-naive patients with documented H. pylori infection.

Propofol causes pain and clinically far less relevant, hypotension on injection. Both magnesium (Mg) and ketamine are an antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ion channel. In view of the analgesic activity of Mg and ketamine, we tested the hypothesis that i.v. magnesium sulphate would be equally effective with ketamine in reducing pain due to propofol injection.

Depression occurs in more than half of patients who have experienced a stroke. Poststroke depression has been shown in numerous studies to be associated with both impaired recovery in activities of daily living and increased mortality. Prevention of depression thus represents a potentially important goal.

Objective To determine the effectiveness of chemoprophylaxis using a single dose of rifampicin to prevent leprosy in close contacts.

Participants   28092close contacts of 1037 patients with newly diagnosed leprosy. 21711 contacts fulfilled the study requirements.